THE PRESENT PERFECT *

* English Structure Practice - Gordon Drummond

O Presente perfeito é usado:
1) para se referir a uma ação ou a um estado completamente no passado onde não há indicação de tempo:

Ex.: I´ve been to Canada.
John has visited the United States.

2) para indicar uma ação ou um estado, começado no passado, que não está completado quando dele se fala:

Ex.: I have used that car for years. (I still use it.)
Tom has been ill since Monday. (He´s still ill.)

3) para se referir a um presente ou futuro resultado de uma ação ou experiência começada no passado:

Ex.: Tom has been ill. He can´t play football today.
My car has broken down. I will have to walk.

(O interesse aqui é mais no resultado do que no motivo.)

4) com alguns adjuntos adverbiais que acrescentam informação de tempo:

Ex.: John has not been to Scotland before.
Richard has just sold his car.


I have sold my car. I haven´t sold my car. Have I sold my car?
You have seen the film. You haven´t seen the film. Have you seen the film?
He has gone to Bolivia. He hasn´t gone to Bolivia. Has he gone to Bolívia?
She has done her work. She hasn´t done her work. Has she done her work?
It has been cold. It hasn´t been cold. Has it been cold?
We have had breakfast. We haven´t had breakfast. Have we had breakfast?
They have read the book. They haven´t read the book. Have they read the book?


Exercise 1)

(write a book)
Have you ever written a book?
Yes, I have. Have you?
No, I haven´t. Haven´t you?

(work in a bank)
Have you ever worked in a bank?
Yes, I have. Have you?
No, I haven´t. Haven´t you?

(go to Miami)
Have you ever been to Miami?
Yes, I have. Have you?
No, I haven´t. Haven´t you?

(go to Trinidad)
Have you ever ................... to Trinidad?
Yes, I ................ .................. you?
No, I ................ .................. you?

(ride a horse)
Have you ever ................... a horse?
Yes, I ................ .................. you?
No, I ................. ................. you?

(drink vodka)
Have you ever .................. vodka?
Yes, I ................ .................. you?
No, I ................ ................. you?

(play golf)
Have you .................................... golf?
Yes, I ................... ..................... you?
No, I .................... ..................... you?

(go to New York)
Have you .................................... to New York?
Yes, I ................. ..................... you?
No, I .................. ..................... you?

(visit Ireland)
Have .............................................. Ireland?
Yes, I ...............
No, I ..................

(do any cooking)
Have ............................................. any cooking?
Yes, I .................... ....................... you?
No, I ..................... ....................... you?

(have a pet)
Have ............................................... a pet?
Yes, I ......................... ..................... you?
No, I ......................... ..................... you?

(go to Canada)
........................................................ to Canada?
Yes, ....................... ...................... you?
No, ........................ ...................... you?

(be in the army)
........................................................ in the army?
Yes, ....................... ....................................?
No, ........................ ....................................?

(do any skiing)
............................................................................
................................ .......................................?
................................ ......................................?

(use a computer)
..............................................................................
................................. .....................................?
................................. .....................................?

(go to China)
.............................................................................
.................................. .......................................?
................................... ......................................?

(have a bad cold)
............................................................................
.................................. ......................................?
................................... ......................................?

(sail a boat)
.............................................................................
..................................... ....................................?
..................................... ....................................?

(drive a racing car)
.............................................................................
...................................... ...................................?
...................................... ..................................?

(be in a TV studio)
...............................................................................
.................................... ......................................?
.................................... ......................................?

(hear the opera "Carmen")
................................................................................
..................................... ......................................?
..................................... ......................................?

(have any driving lessons)
(be married)
(see a painting by Picasso)
(spend a holiday in Bermuda)
(attend a political meeting)
(read any of Shakespeare´s plays)